Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
Text A
Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics
P.138
第一段：
1. Robots, becoming increasinglyprevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.
becoming increasingly ... the developed world 是现在分词短语，充当主语 robots 的非限制性定语，对其作补 充说明；to perform ...是不定式短语，充当主语补足语成分。 第二段：
Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.
where 引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的 the automotive industry；take over 意思是"接管"；such jobs as ...亦作 jobs such as ...或 jobs like ...，意思是"诸如...的工作"。
2. They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.
used in ...是过去分词短语，作 metal forms 的定语成分，casting automobile ...frames 是现在分词短语，充当 machines 的定语成分。 第三段：
1. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well.
词组 take over 意思是"接管、接任"；already taking over ... field 是现在分词短语，充当 robots 的非限制性定
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Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
语；begin 以进行体出现，故宾语为不定式短语（are beginning to be seen） a lesser degree 意为"在较小程度上"； ；to as well 表示"也"。
2. There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches.
此句的 build 相当于 produce 或 make。
3. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.
prevent ... from ...的同义词组有 keep ... from ...或 stop ... from ...，意思是"阻止某人做某事、阻止某事 发生"；be exposed to 意思是"暴露于、接触"。
4. These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this new industry.
responsible for ...是形容词短语作 robots 的后置定语，可改为定语从句 which are responsible for ...；be responsible for 原义是"对...负责"，此处意思是"导致、起到...的作用"；job-related injuries 译为"工伤"。
P.139
第一段：
1.What makes a robot a robot and not just another kind of automatic machine?
句中第一个 a robot 是宾语，第二个 a robot 是宾语补足语。
2. Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.
differ from 意思是"不同于"； that 意思是"在于、 in 由于"， 引导原因状语从句， 切勿与引导定语从句的 in which 混淆。
3. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next.
spot welding 意为"点焊"；the next 是 the next month 之省略。
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Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
4. Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task.
be capable of 意思是"能够、能胜任"；to perform only one task 是主语补足语成分。 第二段：
1. The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions.
be able to 的时态形式比 can 变化多，can 只有现在时态和过去时态，而 be able to 除这两种时态以外，还可 用于完成时态、将来时态，也可出现于不定式符号 to 之后。
2. Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificialvision for robots.
skilled in ... technology 是过去分词短语，作主语 engineers 的定语。
3. With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.
out of 表示"从...中"；a stack of 意思是"一堆"。
4. One robot visionsystem uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials.
containing many rows of light-sensitive materials 是现在分词短语，修饰 electronic digital cameras。
5. When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.
strike 在此句中译为"照射到"；convert ... into ...意思是"把...转变成..."；a range of 意为"一系列"。
6. The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values.
in which 引导定语从句，修饰前面的 a grayscale system。
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Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
7. One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255.
range 与 from ... to ...搭配，表示"由...到...变化不等"；another 后面省略了 scale。
8. The 0 is represented by black. 9. The highest number is white. 10. The numbers in between represent different shades of gray.
in between 意思是"两者之间的"，在这里是后置定语，修饰前面的 the numbers。
11. The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question.
in question 意思是"有关的"，是后置定语，修饰前面的 the object。
12. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.
该句 It 是形式主语，whether 从句是主语从句；not yet 意思是"还不、还没有"；as good as human vision 是后 置定语，修饰前面的 vision。
13. Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.
they will 后面省略了 have vision as good as human vision。 第三段：
1. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.
work on 表示"从事、致力于、进行"；experiment with 意思是"试验"。
2. Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discarddefective parts in finished products.
such as ...是后置定语，修饰前面的 decisions；whether to discard ...是 such as 的宾语，译为"是否剔除成品
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Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
中的坏零件"；表示"是否"的词有 whether 和 if，但在下列 5 种情况下，宜用 whether，而不可用 if：
3. To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.
句首 To do this 是目的状语；be capable of 意思是"能够、能胜任"。
P.140
第二段：
1. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.
assembled with a sense ...是过去分词短语， 充当 robots 的非限制性定语， 可改为非限制性定语从句： which are assembled with a sense ...，其中 be assembled with 意思是"装配有"；plenty of 表示"大量"，后接可数名词或不可数 名词。
2. They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or in deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter.
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Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
explore for minerals 意为"探矿"； the ocean floor 和 in deep areas of mines ...是并列关系， or 连接； ... on 以 too to ...结构中含有 for sb，引出不定式短语的逻辑主语。
3. They will work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers, and securitypersonnel.
work as 意思是"充当、当"，试比较：
4. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
wanting to ... the future 是现在分词短语，作主语 anyone 的定语成分；know about 意思是"了解"。
Text B
P.152
第一段：
Predicting Earthquakes
1. Can earthquakes be predicted?
该句是被动语态，情态动词 can 表可能性。
2. Scientists are working on programs to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.
work on 意思是"致力于、研究"；to predict ...是不定式短语，充当 programs 的定语成分；where and when ... 是 predict 的宾语从句。
3. They hope to develop an early warningsystem that can be used to forecastearthquakes so that lives can be saved.
hope to do sth 意思是"希望做某事"；that 引导定语从句修饰前面的 system，so that 引导目的状语从句。 第二段：
1. Earthquakes are the most dangerous and deadly of all natural events.
the most dangerous and deadly 后面省略了 event。
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Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
2. They occur in many parts of the world. 3. Giant earthquakes have been recorded in Iran,China,Guatemala,Chile,India,and Alaska. 4. Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.
该句 earthquakes 后面有 that 引导的定语从句，此处引导词 that 不可替换为 which，因为先行词 earthquakes 前面有最高级形式 the biggest 修饰。在以下５种情况下，关系代词只能使用 that，而不能使用 which：
5. These earthquakes measured about 8.5 on the Richter Scale. 6. The Richter Scale was devised by Charles Richter in 1935, and compares the energy level of earthquakes.
该句有两个并列谓语：was devised 和 compares，前者为一般过去时被动语态，后者为一般现在时主动语态。
7. An earthquake that measures a 2 on the scale can be felt but causes little damage.
that measures a 2 on the scale 是定语从句，修饰前面的 an earthquake。
8. One that measures 4.5 on the scale can cause slight damage, and an earthquake that has a reading of over 7 can cause major damage.
句首的 one 是代词，代替 an earthquake。
9. It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3.
句首 it 是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语 to note ...，该不定式短语中，含有宾语从句，由 that 引导；ten times as strong as 是倍数的表达法之一。
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Unit 6(第 13-----14 讲)
10. Scientists want to be able to predict those earthquakes that have a reading of over 4 on the Richter Scale.
that 引导定语从句，修饰前面的 those earthquakes。 第三段：
1. How do earthquakes occur? 2. Earthquakes are caused by the shifting of rocks along cracks, or faults, in the earth's crust.
此处 fault 意为"断层"。