Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
Text A
Work, Labor, and Play
P.326
第一段：
1. So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor.
句首 So far as I know 意思是"就我所知"；不定式短语 to define the essential difference between work and labor 是 the first person 的定语成分。
2. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important.
句首 To be happy 是目的状语。
3. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. be compelled to do sth 意思是"被迫做某事"；enjoy 后面只能接动名词，类似的动词还有： finish, mind, suggest, enjoy, give up, can't help, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, postpone, admit, deny, practise, excuse, fancy, imagine, keep, miss, risk, appreciate
ignore ... as of no value or importance 相当于 ignore ... as not valuable or important，意思是"忽视...，认为它 没有价值或者不重要"。
4. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave.
in the strict sense 意思是"在严格意义上"；the sign 后接 that 引导的同位语从句，该从句又含有主语从句 what
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
a man does，the sign 的谓语动词是连系动词 is，后接表语从句 that he is paid money to do it；be of value 意思是"有 价值"，相当于 be valuable。
5. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.
be of no interest 相当于 be not interesting；earn a living 意为"谋生"。 第二段：
1. The antithesis to labor is play. 2. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not. otherwise we should not play it 是虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反；cannot ... more 貌似否定， 实为肯定，cannot ... less 貌似双重否定，实为否定，试体会以下例句的意思： You cannot be more careless. 你实在太粗心了。（你不可能比这更粗心的了。） His words cannot be more convincing. 他的话实在太有说服力了。（他的话不可能更有说服力 了。）
His words cannot be less convincing. 他的话太没有说服力了。 （他的话不可能比这更没有说服力了。 ） 第三段：
1. Between labor and play stands work.
该句为倒装结构，自然顺序是 Work stands between labor and play.
2. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play.
pay sb. to do sth.意思是"付钱让某人做某事"。
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
3. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.
该句中的 whether 不可替代为 if，因为它出现在句首，再说，后面与 or 连用；表示"是否"的词有 whether 和 if，但在下列 5 种情况下，宜用 whether，而不可用 if：
4. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or a cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer.
coincide with 意为"与...一致 / 相符"；a bank clerk a laborer 是 a bank clerk may be a laborer 之省略。
5. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure.
句首 which a man is 是主语从句，意思是"一个人是哪一种人"，这里 which 是指 worker 和 laborer 之间的哪 一种；名词 attitude 后面与 toward 搭配。
6. To a worker,leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. 7. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives' birthdays.
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
be likely to 意思是"可能"；die of 意为"死于"。
8. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.
on the other hand 意思是"另一方面"；so that 在此处意思是"因此、所以、结果"；the fewer ..., the better 意思 是"...得越少，就越好"。
P.327
第二段：
1. What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers?
what percentage 在句中作主语，其谓语动词是 are。
2. At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.
at a guess 意思是"猜一猜"；I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future 是主句否定法，除 think 以外，还有 believe, suppose 等动词用于主句否定法；be likely to 意思是"可能"；in the future 意为"未来"。 第三段：
1. Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.
two things 分别指"by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor"和"by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours"；第三行的 make 与第四行的 into 搭配，make ... into ...意思
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
是"把...变成..."；a very large number of 意思是"许多、大量"；the number of 表示"...的数量"。
2. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy.
the majority of 意思是"大多数"；leisure 后面的定语从句的引导词是 as，此处不可使用 which 或 that，因为先 行词 leisure 前面出现了 as。在下列情况下，关系代词用 as，而不用 which 或 that：
3. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful.
recalls 后接 how 引导的宾语从句。
4. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies.
deal with 意为"对付、应付、处理"；than 后面的 it was 可以省略。
5. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc.
the latter（意思是"后者"）通常与 the former（前者）相对。
6. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible.
be likely to 意思是"可能"；fashion 后面有 which 引导的定语从句，在该从句中，it 是形式主语，真正主语是 to change ... as often as possible， 关系代词 which 充当该不定式短语中 change 的宾语成分； 词组 in the interest of sb. 作表语时意思是"符合某人的利益"，作状语时表示"为了...的利益、为了...起见"。
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
7. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt.
go in for 意思是"从事、参与"。
8. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence.
too ... to ...通常表示"太...不..."， 但是， only / simply / just / but / all too ... to do ...或者 too ready / eager 在 / anxious to do ...结构中，不定式短语 to do 表示肯定，而不表示否定。
9. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
be it physical like the work of a smith or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist 是倒装结构，自然顺序是 whether it is physical like the work of a smith or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist；
10. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase "getting one's teeth into a problem."
get one's teeth into a problem"死死咬住、紧紧抓住、认真对待、决心解决、全神贯注于"
Text B
P.339
第一段：
The Workman's Compensation
1. How can someone, hour after hour, day after day, year in and year out, tightenapproximately the same nut to the same bolt and not go mad?
hour after hour（一个小时接着一个小时） ；day after day（日复一日） ；year in and year out = year after year（年 复一年）
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
2. That most working people do not, in fact, go mad is due in large measure to a phenomenon so common that it is found wherever people labor in industry: taking it easy.
句首 That 引导主语从句；in fact（事实上） ；due to 意思是"由于、因为"，通常作表语成分；in large measure （大半、大部分、在很大程度上） ；take it easy（慢慢来、不着急、别忙、别慌）
3. It would take some kind of real mental case to do all the work one could all day long.
mental case 意思是"精神病、精神病患者"。
4. No one expects it. 5. Taking it easy on the job while someone else covers your work, or "working on and off," as it is usually called in America, is an established part of the working life.
work on and off 意思是"干一会儿，歇一会儿"。 第二段：
1. Working on and off, however, has its limits.
however（然而）在句中充当插入语成分。
2. The rules are infinitely varied,subtle,and flexible,and,of course,they are always changing. 3. Management, up to a certain level at least, is aware of the practice, and in some industries employs entire cadres of people to curtail or put an end to it.
be aware of 意思是"意识到"，另有 be aware that, be conscious of, be conscious that 等搭配；put an end to 意为" 结束、消除"，另有 come to an end 搭配。
4. Simultaneously, the workers are subtly doing their best to keep it going and to extend it wherever possible.
do one's best = try one's best （尽最大努力）keep it going 中的 keep 是使动用法， ； 用于 V + n. / pron. + doing / done
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
/ adj. / adv. / prep. / to do 结构，表示"使...处于...状态"。 第三段：
1. Every worker has a highly developed sense of how much work is expected of him.
has a highly developed sense of 可以简单地表达为 knows quite well； expect sth of sb 意思是"期望某人做某事"。
2. When he feels that the expectation is excessive, he tries to do something about it.
do something 相当于 take some measures（采取措施） 。
3. This instinct has to do with the political nature of work itself, something every modern worker understands.
have to do with 意思是"与...有关系"，有时会出现 have something / a lot / much / a great deal / little / nothing to do with， 表示"与...有一些 / 很大 / 很大 / 很大 / 几乎没有 / 没有关系"； something 是 the political nature of work 的同位语，something 后面的定语从句省略了关系代词 that。
4. The bosses want more from the worker than they are willing to give in return.
in return 意为"作为回报"。
5. The workers give work,and the bosses give money. 6. The exchange is never quite equal, and the discrepancy is called profit.
句末的 profit 充当主语补足语。
7. Since the bosses cannot do without profit, workers have an edge. do without ...意思是"没有...也行"；have an edge (on sb)意思是"占（某人的）上风、占（某人） 优势、略胜（某人）一筹"，另有 give sb an edge (on sb)，意思是"使某人占（某人的）上风、使某 人占（某人）优势、使某人略胜（某人）一筹"。
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
I have an edge on him. 我略胜他一筹。
This gives me an edge on him. 这使我略胜他一筹。
8. A good worker in a key spot could, so long as he kept up production, take all the coffee breaks he wanted, and the bosses would very likely look the other way.
so long as 意思是"只要"；keep up 意思是"保持"。
9. He could also choose to cut down on the coffee breaks, apply himself, and increase production, and then ask for and get more money.
cut down on 意思是"减少、缩短"；apply oneself (to sth)意思是"专心致力于（某事）"；ask for 意思是"要求"。
10. But that would be self-defeting,and he knows it. 11. It would also place him in competition with other workers, which would be playing into the bosses' hands.
which 指代整个主句，引导非限制性定语从句，从句中，play into sb's hands 意思是"对某人有利"。
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
P.340
第二段：
1. At present on the West Coast, when a gang of longshoremen working on cargo start a shift, they often divide themselves into two equal groups and toss a coin.
句首 At present 意思是"目前、当今"；working on cargo（装卸货物）是现在分词短语，作 longshoremen 的定 语成分。
2. One group goes into the far reaches of the ship's hold and sits around. 3. The other group starts loading cargo, usually working with a vengeance, since each one of them is doing the work of two men.
with a vengeance 意思是"猛烈地、过度地"。
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Unit 13(第 30----31 讲)
4. An hour later, the groups change places. 5. In other words, although my fellow longshoremen and I are getting paid for eight hours, on occasion we work only four.
in other words 意思是"换句话说"；"get + 过去分词"可以表示被动；on occasion 意为"有时"。
6. If someone reading this feels a sense of moral outrage because we are sitting down on the job, I am sorry.
sit down on 意思是"反对"，sit down on the job 表示"怠工"。