动 词

　　动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be, like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。

　　知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！

　　动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。

　　一）助动词

　　助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：

　　1、助动词be的用法如下：

　　1）构成各种进行时态。如：

　　It was raining all day yesterday.

　　昨天整天下雨。

　　2）构成被动语态。如：

　　The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.

　　会议是昨天下午举行的。

　　3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：

　　They are to see an English film this evening.

　　他们今天晚上看英语电影。

　　2、助动词do的用法如下：

　　1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：

　　Does he think so?

　　I didn't say anything about the result.

　　2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为"的确，确实"。如：

　　They do study hard.

　　She does love him.

　　He did want to help the old man.

　　3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：

　　He has lived here for three years.

　　As soon as the sun had set they returned.

　　4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.

　　She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.

　　二）情态动词

　　情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。

　　表示能力

　　表示能力一般用can, could。如：Rose can speak now, but she couldn't a week ago.

　　be able to 也表示能力，它和can 的区别如下：

　　1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：

　　She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.

　　They will be able to finish the drawing soon.

　　2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如：

　　She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.

　　can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式，但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：

　　-Could you lend me your pen?

　　-Yes, I can.

　　表示许可

　　表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。

　　-Might/Could I borrow your book?

　　-Yes, you may/can.

　　表示必需、必要

　　 must和have to都有"必须" ，一般情况下可互换。如：You must / have to finish the work..

　　但他们有如下区别：

　　1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：

　　I must have a talk with him.

　　He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.

　　2) 否定式mustn't 表示禁止，意为"不准，不可以做"；don't have to 意为"不必"。如：

　　You mustn't hit her.

　　You don't have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.

　　注：表示推测的情态动词有表示"一定"的must, 表示"很有可能"的should, ought to 和表示"可能"的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下：

　　must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：

　　1）对目前动作的推测，用must+动词原形。如：

　　You must lose in the mountain.

　　2) 对目前状态的推测，用must + be + 表语。如：You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.

　　在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形，might 比 may　的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如：

　　The package might come tomorrow.

　　They may have killed the enemies.

　　3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用can (could) ...+动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) ...have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用can't+动词原形，对过去表示推测用can't (couldn't) have+过去分词。如：

　　It can't be John. He has gone to UK.

　　4、need的双重身份

　　need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。

　　三）系动词

　　连词动词的种类

　　联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。

　　1、按意义联系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.

　　２、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：It smells bad.

　　3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如：

　　 She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.

　　四）行为动词

　　 行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。

　　１、及物动词

　　及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：

　　My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.

　　2、不及物动词

　　 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：

　　He only worried about his daughter.

　　二、动词的时态

　　 动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。

　　1．一般现在时

　　1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">一般情况

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">＋s

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">以s, x, ch, sh　或　o结尾

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">＋es

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">以辅音＋y结尾

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">去y变i＋es

2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">主语

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">肯定式

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">否定式

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">疑问式

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align="center">第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">I am a student.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">We/You/ They are students.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">He/ She is a student.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">I / We/ You/ They/ like music.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">Many people like music.

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">I am not a student.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">We/You/ They are not students.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">He/ She is not a student.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">I / We/ You/ They/ don't like music.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">Many people don't like music.

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margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">Are you a student.

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">Are you/ they students?

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">Is he/ she a student?

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">Do you/ they like music?

margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">Do many people like music?

　　3）一般现在时态的用法：

　　 现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：

　　 I get up at six every morning.

　　 He plays tennis once a week.

　　现在的状态 例如：

　　My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.

　　客观真理 例如：

　　The earth goes around the sun.

　　4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：

　　 often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。

　　例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！

　　1. --- May I help you, sir?

　　--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.

　　A. didn't work B. doesn't work C. won't work D. can't work

　　解析：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。选B.

　　2．______ the bus until it ______..

　　 A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don't get off, stops D. Don't get off, will stop

　　解析：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not ...until（直到......才）句型。应选C。

　　3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.

　　 A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take

　　解析："这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。"这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选A.

关键字:初三英语语法
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