酷兔英语

章节正文

9.13 ought to的形式和用法

情态动词ought to只有一种形式

肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式

ought to ought not to oughtn't to

ought to的基本用法是:

1)表义务,用于各种句式。如:

(1)You don't look well. You ought to see the doctor. 你气色不好,应该去瞧大夫。

(2)You oughtn't to smoke so much? 你不应该抽这么多烟。

(3)Ought you to smoke so much? 你应该抽这么多烟吗?

[注]在美国英语中,ought to在否定和疑问句中可省去to,如:

①You oughtn't smoke so much? 你不应该抽这么多烟。

②Ought you smoke so much? 你应该抽这么多烟吗?

一般说来,ought to用以指将来,指现在时则用于进行式。如:

(4)At your age you ought to be earning your living. 你到这个年龄应当自食其力了。

ought to亦可用于完成式,在肯定句中表示未完成的动作。如:

(5)You ought to have done something to help him. 你本应该做些事去帮助他。

在否定句中,则表已完成的动作,如:

(6)You oughtn't to have married her, David. It was a great mistake. 你本不该跟她结婚,戴维。那是个大错误。

在间接引语中表过去时形式不变,如:

(7)He said you ought to tell the police. 他说你应当去报警。

[注] ought to往往与should同义,在生活交际中人们多用后者。但有时ought to有针对性,should则表一般的忠告,试比较:

①We ought not to tell falsehoods. 我们可不应该说谎话。

②We should not to tell falsehoods. 我们不应该说谎话。

2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,其语气较must弱。如:

(8)Ask John. He ought to know. 去问约翰吧。他该知道。

(9)These plants ought to reach maturity after five years. 这些植物五年后就该长成了。

9.14 shall与should的形式和用法

shall与should用作助动词时,should是shall的过去式;用作情态动词时,shall和should是两个不同的词。

1)shall表义务,用于第二、第三人称。如:

(1)You shall do as you see me do. 你照我的样子办。

(2)He shall be punished if he disobeys. 他如不服从就要受处罚。

在当代英语中,shall多用于正式法律文字。如:

(3)The vendor shall maintain the equipment in good repair. 卖方须完好地维护设备。

(4)There shall be no adultery. 不许通奸。

有时在从句中相当于must。如:

(5)It has been decided that the proposal shall not be opposed. 已经决定不得反对这项提议。

2)shall表许诺,用于第二、第三人称,用于肯定句和否定句。如:

(6)You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。

(7)She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。

3)shall表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称,并用于疑问句。如:

(8)Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Miss Fleure? 费勒小姐,我给您点淡咖啡好吗?

(9)What shall we do this evening? Shall we go to the theatre? 我们今晚干什么?去看戏好吗?

(10)What shall he do next? 他下一步干什么呢?

[注]美国英语亦可用will,如:

Will I see you in the morning? No? Then good luck to you. 我明早见你好吗?不行?那就祝你走运。

4)should表义务,可用于各种句式,通常指将来。如:

(11)You should do what your parents tell you. 你应该照你父母的话办。

(12)He should do some work, but he doesn't want to. 他应该做些工作,但是他不想做。

用于第一人称疑问句,表征询意见。如:

(13)Should I open the window. 我可以开窗吗?

亦可指现在。如:

(14)You shouldn't feel so unhappy over such trifles. 对这种小事,你不应该感到这么不高兴。

指现在亦可用进行式。如:

(15)You shouldn't be sitting in the sun. 你不应该坐在阳光下。

should用于完成式时,用于肯定句,表应完成但未完成的动作。如:

(16)He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home. 他看样子病得很严重,本应该待在家里。

用于否定句,则表不应完成但已完成的动作。如:

(17)They shouldn't have concealed it from us. 他们本不应该对我们隐瞒这件事。

5)should表推测,暗含很大的可能。如:

(18)The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors. 这部影片是一流演员主演的,可能拍得很好。

(19)Three weeks should suffice. 三个星期可能足够了。

有时有"有根据或把握"的含义。如:

(20)I should know her among a thousand. 她在千百人中,我也会认识她。

6)should可在某些从句中,表虚拟语气。如:

(21)I suggest that you should stay here as if nothing had happened. 我建议你应该待在这儿,好像什么事也没有发生。

(22)She was terrified lest they should go on talking about her. 她感到害怕,唯恐他们再说她的事。

(23)Suddenly she began to cry, burying her head under the so that I shouldn't see. 她突然开始哭起来,把头埋在书下,使我看不见。

(24)If he should drop in, give him my message. 他如来访,就将此条给他。

7)should表感情色彩,常用以why,how开头的疑问句中。如:

(25)Why shouldn't you invite him? 为什么你竟不邀请他?

(26)I don't see why we shouldn't make friends. 我不明白为什么我们竟不是朋友?

(27)I don't see any reason why he shouldn't be happy. 我不明白为什么他竟不愉快?

(28)How should I know? 我怎么知道?

注意下面一例should用于一种特殊结构:

(29)As I was crossing the street, when should I meet but Aunt Ann. 我过街时见到的竟是安姑母。(用于特殊结构)

有时可用于完成式。如:

(30)I went into business with her as her partner. Why shouldn't I have done it? 我同她合伙做生意。为什么我不应这样干?

(31)There were good reasons why she should not have played bridge. 她本很有理由不玩桥牌。(但她玩了)

在that引导的从句中,should亦可表感情色彩。如:

(32)I'm sorry that you should think so badly of me. 你竟把我想得这样坏,我感到遗憾。

(33)It is absurd that such things should happen to a family like theirs. 真可笑,这种事竟发生在他们那样式的家庭中。

should还用于一些特殊结构,表感情色彩。如:

(34)That it should come to this! 事情竟到了这种地步!

(35)To think that it should have happened to me! 谁想到这种事竟发生在我身上!

8)must,should与ought to的比较:三者均表义务,但must最强烈。如:

(36)You must do it at once. 你必须立即做这件事。

而should和ought to则是"应当"的意思。如:

(37)You should do it at once. 你必须立即做这件事。

(38)You ought to do it at once. 你必须立即做这件事。

should与ought to含义相似,常可互换。但ought to常指特殊情况,而should则常指一般情况。如:

(39)You ought to help him; he is in trouble. 你应该帮助他,他有麻烦。

(40)You should use the definite article in the sentence. 在这个句子中你应该用定冠词

must,should与ought to均可表推测,暗含很大的可能,但must用得最多,语气也较顺。如:

9)should,ought to与was/were to用于完成式的比较:should +完成式与ought to +完成式表所期望的动作未完成,was/were to+完成式则表所计划的动作未完成。如:

(41)You should have helped him. 你本该帮助他的。

(42)You ought to have warned him. 你本该预先提醒他的。

(43)He was to have arrived last week. 他本该上周到的。

9.15 will(would)的形式和用法

will(would)有下列几种形式:

肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式

现在式 will 'll will not won't 'll not

过去式 would 'd would not wouldn't 'd not

will是现在式,用于指现在。如:

(1)Nancy will not shove the heavy load on to others. 南希不愿把重担推给别人。

would是will的过去式,用于指过去。如:

(2)They asked us if we would have a look-round first. 他们问我们想不想先去四下转转。

但亦可指现在,语气比较缓和、委婉。如:

(3)Would you please pass me the salt? 请递给我盐好吗?

will的基本用法是:

1)will(would)表意愿,主要用于第一人称;will指将来,would通常用于间接引语,指过去的将来。如:

(4)I won't argue with you. 我不愿意跟你争辩。

(5)I said I would do anything for him. 我说过我愿意为他做任何事。

2)will(would)表拒绝,用于否定句。如:

(6)The doctor knows I won't be operated on. 大夫知道我不想做手术。

(7)He was wet through, but he wouldn't change. 他全身湿透了,但不想换衣服。

如主语为物,则意为"不起作用"。如:

(8)The drawer won't shut. 抽屉关不上了。

(9)My fountain pen wouldn't write. 我的自来水笔不能写字了。

3)will(would)表习惯或反复发生的动作。如:

(10)John will fall asleep in church. 约翰做礼拜时老睡觉。

(11)Most often we would find him lying on a couch, reading. 我们经常看到他躺在一张长沙发上看书。

有时重读will就有批评的含义。如:

(12)You will keep forgetting things. 你总是不断地忘记事儿。

will可表客观事实。如:

(13)Gold won't dissolve in hydrochloric acid. 金在盐酸中不溶解。

4)will(would)表请求,指将来,用于疑问句。如:

(14)Will you dine with me tomorrow, Lewis? 刘易斯,明天你同我一道吃饭好吗?

(15)You'll forgive me, won't you? 你会原谅我,不是吗?

如用would,则语气更客气。如:

(16)Would you mind closing the door? 请关上门好吗?

5)will(would)用于引导的条件从句,亦表意愿。如:

(17)No, we are not going to quarrel at all if you'll only let me talk. 不,我们根本不会吵架,只要你让我说话。

(18)If you would stand by me I should have another try. 如是你肯支持我,我就再试一次。

6)will表料想,指现在或将来;用于进行式时指现在;用于完成式时则指过去。皆用于第二、第三人称。如:

(19)This will be the school, I believe. 我想这大概是那所学校。

(20)Hurry up. They will be waiting. 快点吧。他们一定在等我们哩。

(21)You will have heard the news, I'm sure. 我想你大概听到了这个消息。

有时will表难免。如:

(22)Boys will be boys. 男孩毕竟是男孩。

(23)Accidents will happen. 事故难免发生。

7)would表感情色彩,用于肯定句和否定句。如:

(24)-Auntie Meg has been very brave. 梅格姑母一直很勇敢。

-Yes. She would be brave. 是呀,她当然勇敢。(意料中的事)

(25)-I don't understand him and I don't approve of his decision. 我不明白他的意思,所以不赞同他的决定。

-No, you wouldn't. 是呀,你当然不赞成。(我没有指望你赞成)

8)would用于wish后的从句中。如:

(26)I wish the rain would stop for a moment. 我希望雨停一会儿。

(27)I wish they wouldn't insist on it. 我希望他们不坚持那一点。

9)would用于固定习语。如:

(28)"I'd rather do it myself," said Luke. "我宁愿自己干,"卢克说。

(29)He'd sooner die than let me think he was a failure. 他宁死也不让我认为他是个失败者。

would....mind用于疑问句和否定句。如:

(30)Would you mind my staying here for a while? 你在意我在这儿待一会儿吗?

(31)I wouldn't mind your telling them about it. 我不在意你把那件事告诉他们。

10)would与used to的比较:二者均可表习习惯。如:

(32)When we were children we used to/would go skating every winter. 我们小时每年冬天都去滑冰。

used to与would之不同在于used to有现在已无此习惯的含义,并可表一次性动作。如:

(33)I used to have an old Rolls Royce. 我曾有过一辆旧的罗尔斯•罗伊斯小轿车。(此处不能用would)

9.16 need的形式和用法

need既可用作情态动词,亦可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,它只有一种形式,后跟不带to的动词不定式,只用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,它有动词的全部形式,即现在时单数第三人称needs,现在分词needing以及过去式和过去分词needed,后跟带to的不定式,可用于一切句式。如:

情态动词 实义动词

肯定式 He needed to escape.

否定式 He needn't escape. He doesn't need to escape.

肯定疑问式 Need we escape? Do we need to escape?

否定疑问式 Needn't he escape after all? Doesn't he need to escape after all?

情态动词need的基本用法是:

1)表需要,指现在或将来,只用于否定句和疑问句。如:

(1)You need not meet him unless you'd like to. 除非你愿意,你不需要见他。

(2)Need I repeat it? 我需要再将它重复一遍吗?

need一般不用于肯定句,但可用于含有否定意味的肯定句中。如:

(3)He need do it but once. 他只需做一次。

(4)All you need do is say yes to his questions. 对他的问题,你只需答"是"。(All you need do is =you need do no more than)

need的过去形式不变。如:

(5)He said he need not hurry. 他说他不必匆忙。

(6)She wished there need be no such thing. 她但愿无须有此等事。

need可用于完成式,表不需要完成但已完成的动作,暗含时间或精力的浪费。如:

(7)You needn't have bought it. 你没有必要买它。(但你却买了)

(8)You needn't have stayed. 你没有必要停留。(但你却停留了)

有时亦可与进行式连用。如:

(9)We needn't be standing here in the rain. 我们没有必要站在这里被雨淋。

2)情态动词need和实义动词need偶尔也有揉合的情况。如:

(10)All he needs have is foresight. 他所需要的是预见性。

(11)I guess a man just need to talk to somebody sometime. 我看一个人有时仅仅是需要和人聊聊罢了。

[注]在美国英语中,常用needn't代替don't have to,如You needn't tell George.(你不必告诉乔治)

3)shouldn't,oughtn't to与needn't等加完成式的比较:shouldn't +完成式和oughtn't to +完成式表已完成不该完成的动作,needn't+完成式表已完成不需要完成的动作。如:

(12)You shouldn't have come. 你本不应该来。

(13)You oughtn't to have written to them. 你本不应该给他们写信。

(14)You needn't have come. 你本不需要来。

9.17 dare的形式和用法

同need一样,dare既可用作情态动词,亦可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,它只有一种形式,后跟不带to的不定式,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,它有动词的全部形式,即现在时单数第三人称dares,现在分词daring以及过去式和过去分词dared,后跟带to的不定式,可用于一切句式。如:

情态动词 实义动词

肯定式 He dared to escape.

否定式 He daren't escape. He doesn't dare to escape.

肯定疑问式 Dare we escape? Do we dare to escape?

否定疑问式 Daren't he not escape? Doesn't he dare to escape?

情态动词dare的基本用法是:

1)表敢于,指现在或过去。如:

(1)I dare not go there. 我不敢去哪儿。

(2)Dare you ask him? 你敢问他吗?

(3)I don't know whether he dare try. 我不知道他是否敢试试。

指过去时形式不变。如:

(4)The king was so hot-tempered that no one dare tell him the bad news. 国王脾气很大,没有人敢对他说坏消息。

dare可用于完成式。如:

(5)I daren't have done it yesterday, but I think I dare now. 我昨天不敢做此事,但我想我现在敢做了。

2)情态动词dare和实义动词dare偶尔也有揉合的情况。如:

(6)She dared say no more. 她不再敢说了。

(7)I didn't dare come before because I was told you were very strict. 我以前不敢来,因为我听说你非常严厉。

3)用于固定习语。如:

(8)My son is not in town, but I dare say he will be before long. 我儿子现不在城里,不过我想不久他会来的。

4)dare say可连写。如:

(9)I daresay you are right. 我想你是对的。
关键字:薄冰英语语法
生词表:
  • maturity [mə´tjuəriti] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.成熟;完备 四级词汇
  • first-class [´fə:st-´klɑ:s] 移动到这儿单词发声 a.头等的 ad.乘头等车 六级词汇
  • bridge [bridʒ] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.桥(梁);鼻梁;桥牌 四级词汇
  • foresight [´fɔ:sait] 移动到这儿单词发声 n.先见,深谋远虑 四级词汇


文章标签:英语语法  情态动词  助动词    

章节正文