这三个句子可以翻译为：

1) It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon.

2) It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth.

3) It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying.

place sth. on a sound footing 意思是"把…置于坚实的基础上"。

4. The last great scientist of the classical period, he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge, rather than guess or imagination.

The last great scientist of the classical period, 在本句中做同位语，对主语he作进一步的补充说明。

Be based on 意思是"以……为基础"。

Guess在句中做名词用，意思是"推测，猜想"。

Rather than在本句中的意思相当于instead of "而不是"。

1）I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.（我用了一些简单词汇而不是难词。）

2）He bought two books rather than one.（他买了两本书而不是一本。）

3）Rather than go back on his word, he kept his promise.（他没有食言，而是言而有信。）

5. Given the state of knowledge of those times, he got things wrong, ……

在第十五单元中，我们学过given这个介词，意思是"考虑到"，在本句中given仍是这个意思，请再看两个例句：

1）Given the poor working condition, you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.

（考虑到工作条件差，你不能指望工人们的效率很高。

2）Given the bad weather, we have to change our plan.（基于天气不好，我们得改变计划。）

Times在本句中的意思是"时代"，如：

1）The times are different, women are now equal to man.（时代不同了，现在男女平等了。）

2）In modern times, the development of science and technology is accelerating.（近代科学技术在加速发展。）

3）In the difficult times, many people died of hunger.（在那限难时世，许多人因饥饿而死。）

6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed.

本句中的since引导的是一个原因状语从句，如：

1）Since so many people are absent, we'd better put off the meeting.

（既然如此多的人缺席，我们最好将此会延期。）

2）I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.（既然你对此一无所知，我就不会怪你。）

Unaware与aware一样是形容词，其用法也与aware相同，be unaware of…, be unaware that…。

1）I was unaware of his presence.（我没注意到他在场。）

2）He was unaware that he had been followed.（他不知道他被跟踪了。）

7. The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust.

本句中，that引导的是一个表语从句。表语从句的结构为：

主语+连系动词+表语从句。表语从句也可用where, why, how引导。如：

1） The reason for his absence was that he was ill.（他缺席的原因是他病了。）

2） That was why I hated it.（这就是我不喜欢这个的原因。）

3） That is how he cheated people.（他就是用这种方式骗人的。）

Which所引导的是一个定语从句修饰guiding light限定性定语从句如果修饰"物"，关系代词that和which都可用，但在介词的后面只能用which，在口语中一般把介词放到从句后部去，这时则可以用that。如：

1） This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.（这就是我们昨晚讨论的问题。）

This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night.

2） This is the fact on which we base our opinion.（我们的观点就是建立在这个事实之上的。）

This is the fact that we base our opinion on.

Trust在句中做名词用，place (put) trust in sb/sth 信任某人（某事）。

1）I don't have any trust in him.（我对他一点也不信任。）

2）Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.（对未来有点信心吧，一切都会好起来。）

3） The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.（那位老太太对她孙子非常信任。）

8. North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages, when the church began to interfereseriously with the advance of science.

本句中when引导一个由逗号把前面句子隔开的句子，其意思相当于at the time。如：

1） The party has been put off until next week, when we can get better prepared.

（晚会被推迟到下周，那时我们能准备得更好些。）

2） We will wait have until 6, when the manager can spare us a few minutes.

（我们在这儿等到6点，那时经理就能给我们几分钟了。）

Interfere with意思是"妨碍"，如：

1） Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.（不良的饮食习惯常常妨碍健康。）

2） The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.（这两国相互间没有利害冲突。）

9. Once again, north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.

在第十五单元的Text B中，我们已经学过assume这个词

It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.

（长期以来，人们认定好斗是由男性荷尔蒙引起的。）

在本句中assume的意思是acquire（获得，取得）

请注意下列例句中assume的意思：

1）I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.（我认定这误会会消除。）

2）He assumed the report to be unreliable.（他猜那报告不可靠。）

3） Farmers will have a good harvest , assuming that the weather is favorable.

（假如风调雨顺，农民将会有好收成。）

4） Who will assume the costs of running a school? （谁来负担开设一所学校的费用？）

5） He assumed a leading position last May.（去年五月，他担任领导职务。）

6） Hitler assumed power in 1933.（希特勒于1933年夺得政权。）

7） He assumed full control of the company.（他完全控制了这家公司。）

1. in the sense of　　　　　　　　　　2. more than

3. be based on　　　　　　　　　　　4. rather than

5. attempt to do sth　　　 　　　　　　6. in the form of

7. in search of　　　　　 　　　　　　8. at the top

9. in the direction of　　 　　　　　　　10. place trust in

11. interfere with　　　　　　　　　　 12. in accordance with

13. from…point of view　 　　　　　　 14. reliance on

Text B You Have a Choice

1. side by side

They are sitting side by side.

We walked side by side along the river.

2. be seated

Please be seated, I will fix you a cup of coffee.

The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in.

3. ahead of

The boy is running ahead of his classmates.

I believe we can finish the work ahead of time.

4. be certain of

I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival.

Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance?

5. bring about

The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes.

What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality.

6. account for

This excuse cannot account for your absence.

Her explanation doesn't account for the failure.

7. regardless of

All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex.

Regardless of which method you choose, the result will be the same.

8. make a difference

Whether he comes or not will not make any difference.

I hope my participation will make a difference.

9. lead to

Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer.

The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel.

10. pull out of

The train pulled out of the station at 10:00.

When do you think the car will pull out of the garage?

11. for sure

I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department.

He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance.

12. apply to

It is hard to apply the rule to real work.

It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice.

13. deal with

He is hard to deal with.

I have no idea how to deal with this situation.